{"id":6244,"date":"2024-07-10T21:31:59","date_gmt":"2024-07-10T21:31:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/?page_id=6244"},"modified":"2025-04-02T23:48:38","modified_gmt":"2025-04-02T21:48:38","slug":"rechtsbasis-voor-zelfbeschikking","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/en\/rechtsbasis-voor-zelfbeschikking\/","title":{"rendered":"Right to Self Determination"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6244\" class=\"elementor elementor-6244\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-600f9f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"600f9f5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a12e1c sc_inner_width_none sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left\" data-id=\"4a12e1c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9903039 sc_inner_width_none sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left\" data-id=\"9903039\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-149e432 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"149e432\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">West Papua and the Right to Self Determination under International Law<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c788a62 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c788a62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-600497b sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"600497b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Legal analysis by human rights lawyer Melinda Janki<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5a09a5 elementor-widget-divider--view-line sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d5a09a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daaf522 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"daaf522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758a01a sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"758a01a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Act of Free Choice 1969 which handed control of West Papua to Indonesia was a violation of international law. West Papua has never exercised its legal right to self determination under international law, to international standards.<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-6257 size-impacto_patronus-thumb-masonry\" src=\"https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Act-Of-Free-Choice-west-papoea-370x252.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"370\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Act-Of-Free-Choice-west-papoea-370x252.jpg 370w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Act-Of-Free-Choice-west-papoea-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Act-Of-Free-Choice-west-papoea.jpg 559w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/>The Act of Free Choice 1969 cannot justify Indonesian sovereignty over West Papua. The justification for such sovereignty, if it exists, must lie elsewhere in the legal rules governing the acquisition of sovereignty. Otherwise West Papua is a territory that is under alien domination \u2013 a status forbidden by international law.<\/p><p>Between 14 July and 2 August 1969, the Indonesian government held what it called the \u2018Act of Free Choice\u2019 in West Papua. It gathered 1022 Papuan tribal representatives into eight locations \u2013 one for each region of West Papua: Merauke, Jayawijaya, Paniai, Fak-Fak, Sorong, Manokwari, Cenderawasih and Jayapura. Some of these Papuans had to walk three days to their designated location. Some had to leave behind their wives and children in the \u2018care of the Indonesian government\u2019. These 1022 Papuans were asked to choose between two alternatives, either to remain with Indonesia or to sever ties with Indonesia and become an independent state separate from Indonesia, like Papua New Guinea.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6264 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/act-of-free-choice-west-papoea.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/act-of-free-choice-west-papoea.jpeg 650w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/act-of-free-choice-west-papoea-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/act-of-free-choice-west-papoea-370x208.jpeg 370w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/act-of-free-choice-west-papoea-600x338.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/act-of-free-choice-west-papoea-270x152.jpeg 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/p><p>In each region the decision-making process was the same. The head of the West Irian provincial government informed the Papuan group that the peoples of West Papua had already expressed their desire not to be separated from Indonesia and that the right answer was for Papua to remain a part of Indonesia. The Indonesian Minister of Home Affairs informed them that this \u2018Act of Free Choice\u2019 would finally safeguard the unity of the Indonesian nation and there was no alternative but to \u2018remain within the Republic of Indonesia\u2019. The Papuans were not permitted to vote. They had to reach a decision through the Indonesian system of musyawarah (mutual deliberation) in which discussion continues until everybody agrees. All of this took place under the watchful gaze of the Chair of the West Irian Provincial House of Representatives, the Chief of the Indonesian Information Service, as well as a Brigadier-General in the Indonesian army. One by one each Papuan group declared in favour of remaining with Indonesia.<\/p><p>Ever since that time, Indonesia has represented this \u2018Act of Free Choice\u2019 as West Papua\u2019s exercise of its right to self-determination. This is its justification for the integration of West Papua into the Republic of Indonesia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b8d19d sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6b8d19d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05368e5 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"05368e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Self-determination in international law<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5464481 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5464481\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28ea423 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28ea423\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>From its origins as a political principle championed by Lenin and then by Woodrow Wilson, self-determination has evolved into a fundamental human right and a rule of international law. In its 1960 \u2018Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples\u2019, the UN General Assembly stated that \u2018the subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a denial of fundamental human rights, is contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and is an impediment to world peace and cooperation\u2019. Since then the principle of self-determination has attained quasi-constitutional status within the United Nations and has been reinforced by state practice throughout the world. As a result, millions of people have gained their freedom from the former colonial powers. Self-determination has been entrenched in treaty law and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">The \u2018Act of Free Choice\u2019 was an egregious violation of West Papua\u2019s legal right to self-determination.\nIn early 2008, the chair of the UN special committee on decolonisation, who was also the UN representative for Indonesia, H.E. Mr R. M. Marty M Natalegawa (now Indonesia\u2019s foreign minister), declared that \u2018decolonisation remains an unfinished business of the United Nations. We must therefore continue to give decolonisation a high priority and seek effective ways to accelerate the process of decolonisation in the remaining Non-Self-Governing Territories\u2019. If he is really serious, His Excellency need look no further than across the Afar Sea to West Papua.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ca3e4d sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3ca3e4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9781013 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9781013\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The situation in 1969<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5fa0f4 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f5fa0f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ce6c9 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3ce6c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In 1969, Indonesia did not have sovereignty over West Papua. It had exercised administration responsibilities over the territory under UN supervision since 1963, after assuming responsibilities from the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority, which had in turn taken over administration from the Netherlands, the original colonial power. Indonesia\u2019s obligations towards West Papua were governed by two separate treaties. The first and more important was the UN Charter, Article 73 of which imposed on Indonesia a \u2018sacred trust\u2019 to bring West Papua to self-government. The second treaty was the \u2018Agreement Concerning West New Guinea (West Irian)\u2019 made on 15 August 1962 between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of Indonesia and commonly referred to as the New York Agreement. This treaty imposed on Indonesia an obligation, as the administering power, to hold an act of self-determination in West Papua in accordance with international practice.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6268 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/New-York-Agreement-1962-color.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2835\" height=\"1962\" srcset=\"https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/New-York-Agreement-1962-color.png 2835w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/New-York-Agreement-1962-color-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/New-York-Agreement-1962-color-1024x709.png 1024w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/New-York-Agreement-1962-color-768x532.png 768w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/New-York-Agreement-1962-color-1536x1063.png 1536w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/New-York-Agreement-1962-color-2048x1417.png 2048w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/New-York-Agreement-1962-color-370x256.png 370w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/New-York-Agreement-1962-color-770x533.png 770w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/New-York-Agreement-1962-color-1170x810.png 1170w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/New-York-Agreement-1962-color-600x415.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2835px) 100vw, 2835px\" \/><\/p><p>In 1969 \u2018international practice\u2019 was well-established. Under Resolution 1541 (XV) \u2018Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under Article 73e of the Charter\u2019, an historic resolution passed by the UN General Assembly in 1960, there were two fundamental conditions that had to be met before a non-self-governing territory (such as West Papua) could be integrated into another state (such as Indonesia).<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">Legal commentators have been scathing about the vote ever since, dismissing it as an empty and formalistic exercise, a pseudo-choice and a betrayal of the principle of self-determination.\nFirstly, the territory should have already attained \u2018an advanced stage of self-government with free political institutions\u2019. This was necessary, to give its people \u2018the capacity to make a responsible choice through informed and democratic processes\u2019. Secondly, integration should only proceed once all the people of the territory, fully informed about the consequences, had expressed their wishes through \u2018informed and democratic processes, impartially conducted and based on universal adult suffrage\u2019. These requirements were set out in Principle IX of Resolution 1541 (XV).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4908b1 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b4908b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adde380 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"adde380\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">No justification in law<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65b5098 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"65b5098\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d1ca28 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d1ca28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Clearly, in the 1969 \u2018Act of Free Choice\u2019 these conditions were ignored. Legal commentators have been scathing about the vote ever since, dismissing it as an empty and formalistic exercise, a pseudo-choice and a betrayal of the principle of self-determination.<\/p>\n<p>The \u2018Act of Free Choice\u2019 was an egregious violation of West Papua\u2019s legal right to self-determination, a violation of the \u2018sacred trust\u2019 under Article 73 of the UN Charter and a breach of Indonesia\u2019s treaty obligations under the UN Charter and the New York Agreement. It cannot justify Indonesian sovereignty over West Papua. The justification for such sovereignty, if it exists, must lie elsewhere in the legal rules governing the acquisition of sovereignty. Otherwise West Papua is a territory that is under alien domination \u2013 a status forbidden by international law.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n<p>To read other legal documents about West Papua\u2019s right to self-determination, visit our <a href=\"https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/en\/bronnen\/\">resources page<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6273 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/march-against-racism-west-papoea.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"920\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/march-against-racism-west-papoea.png 920w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/march-against-racism-west-papoea-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/march-against-racism-west-papoea-768x472.png 768w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/march-against-racism-west-papoea-370x228.png 370w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/march-against-racism-west-papoea-770x474.png 770w, https:\/\/freewestpapua.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/march-against-racism-west-papoea-600x369.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cf34bf0 sc_inner_width_none sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left\" data-id=\"cf34bf0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>West-Papoea en het recht op zelfbeschikking volgens internationaal recht Juridische analyse door mensenrechtenadvocaat Melinda Janki De Act of Free Choice van 1969, waarbij de controle over West-Papoea aan Indonesi\u00eb werd overgedragen, was een&hellip;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6244","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - 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